Study links toxic component in herbal remedies to kidney failure and cancer

ScienceDaily (Apr. 9, 2012) ? Aristolochic acid (AA), a component of a plant used in herbal remedies since ancient times, leads to kidney failure and upper urinary tract cancer (UUC) in individuals exposed to the toxin. In a study of 151 UUC patients in Taiwan -- where the incidence of UUC is the highest reported anywhere in the world and where Aristolochia herbal remedies have been widely used- Arthur Grollman, M.D., Distinguished Professor of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, and an international team of scientists, conclude that exposure to AA is a primary contributor to the incidence of UUC in Taiwan.

This finding, reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, holds broad implications for global public health, as individuals treated with herbal preparations available worldwide that contain Aristolochia are at significant risk of developing chronic kidney disease or UUC.

Aristolochic acid is recognized by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as a powerful nephrotoxin and human carcinogen associated with chronic kidney disease and UUC. The dual toxicities and target tissues were originally revealed when a group of healthy Belgian women developed renal failure and UUC after ingesting Aristolochia herbs to lose weight. Other cases of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and UUC were subsequently reported worldwide.

Most recently, Dr. Grollman and colleagues proved AA to be the causative agent of endemic nephropathy in the Balkans, solving a 50-year-old medical mystery that pointed to the ingestion of Aristolochia clematitis, or birthwort, contained in wheat. The study results were reported recently in Kidney International.

Using their previous work in the Balkans as a guide, Dr. Grollman and colleagues looked toward other areas where Aristolochia might be consumed and in which there was a high incidence of kidney disease and UUC. Taiwan appeared to demonstrate exactly that connection.

"We believe our latest research highlights the importance of a long-overlooked disease that affects many individuals in Taiwan, and, by extension, in China and other countries worldwide, where Aristolochia herbal remedies traditionally have been used for medicinal purposes," says Dr. Grollman.

An analysis of National Health Insurance data in Taiwan between 1997 and 2003 indicates the widespread use of AA in herbal medications. Based on a 200,000 person random sample of the entire insured population of Taiwan, the data reveals that approximately one-third of those prescribed medicines consumed herbs containing, or likely to contain, AA.

Marc De Broe, University of Antwerp, an investigator not associated with the study says, "From a group of fewer than 200 patients in Belgium, and a geographically confined rural population in the Balkans, the circle of cancer risk due to AA exposure has now grown to potentially global proportions."

In "Aristolochic acid-associated urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan," Dr. Grollman and colleagues describe extracting DNA from tumors of 151 UUC patients. Twenty-five patients with renal cell carcinomas served as the control group. The researchers detected a metabolite of AA bound to DNA (aristolactam(AL)-DNA adducts) in the kidney cortex of 83 percent of the UUC patients.

According to Dr. Grollman, the AL-DNA adducts, formed by the reaction of AA and DNA, cause alterations in the properties of genomic DNA. This DNA-altering process is a crucial step in the development of cancer.

Additionally, alterations of TP53, a gene associated with many forms of cancer, were detected in a majority of the UUC patients. A total of 113 TP53 "signature" mutations were detected in 84 (55.6%) of the 151 patients.

Dr. Grollman explains that these findings from their molecular epidemiologic study in Taiwan clearly illustrate that the presence of AL-DNA in the kidney cortex, together with the specific mutations in tumor tissue, are biomarkers of exposure to AA.

"The findings provide a solid foundation for public health officials to develop strategies designed to eliminate aristolochic acid nephropathy and related upper urinary tract cancer," emphasizes Dr. Grollman.

Collaborators on the study and co-authors include: Kathleen G. Dickman, Masaaki Moriya, and Viktoriya S. Sidorenko, of the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Chung-Hsin Chen and Yeong-Shiau Pu, Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital; Jiri Zavadil, Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Langone Medical Center; Karen L. Edwards, Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington; Dmitri V. Gnatenko, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Lin Wu, Roche Molecular Systems; Robert T. Turesky, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, N.Y. State Department of Health; and Xue-Ru Wu, Departments of Urology and Pathology, NYU School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

Their research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the Zickler Family Foundation.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Stony Brook Medicine, via Newswise.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. C.-H. Chen, K. G. Dickman, M. Moriya, J. Zavadil, V. S. Sidorenko, K. L. Edwards, D. V. Gnatenko, L. Wu, R. J. Turesky, X.-R. Wu, Y.-S. Pu, A. P. Grollman. Aristolochic acid-associated urothelial cancer in Taiwan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119920109

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Tanning Increases Skin Cancer Cases | TopNews United States

As per a research, which has been published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings, it has been revealed that despite repeated warnings about potential dangers involved in getting tanned, cases of melanoma keep on increasing.

Lead author Jerry D. Brewer, who is an Assistant Professor of dermatology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, said that the health experts keep on saying that it is necessary to apply sunscreen at the time when one steps out in the sun and on other days as well. But people do not follow this simple advice in order to get a tanned look and this is the reason that skin cancer cases are on rise.

Brewer further affirmed that he would like to break the myth that it is healthy to get tanned, as it has been proven that tanning destroys the skin. In addition, he would also like to tell that artificial tanning is also not healthy and in fact are more harmful than natural tanning.

This is due to the reason that tanning beds produce 10 to 15 times more heat than being produced by UV radiation. The study has revealed many hard hitting statistics like there has been eight times increase in the skin cancer cases between 1970 and 2009 among women.

There has been four times rise in the number of cases among men, who lived in Olmstead County. It has also been noticed that the data is almost similar for other parts of the country.

?We anticipated that we?d find rising rates, particularly among young women, but we were surprised to see such a dramatic increase in incidence?, said Brewer. He further pointed out that an increase in the number of cancer cases among has been witnessed.

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Libya struggles to contain tribal conflicts

SABHA, Libya (Reuters) - When 26-year-old Yussef heard about clashes in the Libyan oasis city of Sabha, he wasted no time in picking up a rifle and heading across the desert to support his fellow Tibu fighters.

Yussef said he felt compelled to make the 150 km drive from the southern town of Murzuq to stand up for his Tibu people, a black African ethnic group, when it fought a local Arab militia for six days last month.

"There is no strong government to protect us, our families," he said, pointing to bullet-scarred buildings in a mainly Tibu neighborhood of Sabha. "I had to come to help my people defend themselves," said Yussef, who declined to give his full name.

While the opposing sides agreed to end the fighting after about 150 people died, residents fear it will reignite even though the army was sent to restore calm in the desert city.

Long-standing rivalries, divided communities and plentiful weapons are convulsing Libya as the interim government struggles to impose its authority and secure peace among the country's ethnic groups.

Violence in the Saharan south and in western Libya have shown how volatile the country remains six months after the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi, who had long played off one tribe or clan against the other to weaken their power.

Using threats of violence, awarding economic privileges and exploiting family loyalties to divide and rule, Gaddafi ensured that tensions between rival groups persisted.

In the south, where tribal ties are far more powerful than on the Mediterranean coast, porous borders with neighboring countries, discontent and the availability of arms make the region one of the biggest potential problems for the government.

Gaddafi was always quick to end any ethnic clashes in the desert region and in 2009 he put down a tribal rebellion with helicopter gunships. But Libya's new rulers are weak and often out-gunned by the militias they are trying to control.

Like most of the confrontations that erupt in Libya, the Sabha clashes began with an incident which quickly escalated in the absence of any proper security force.

Oasis farmers by tradition, the Tibu supported the rebel side in last year's uprising against Gaddafi. Their opponents are ethnic Arabs who see the Tibu, a group that also lives across the border in Chad and Niger, as outsiders.

Sabha still bears the scars of the fighting and residents fear it could resume at any time.

In the mainly Tibu district of Tayuri, bullet cases lie on the sandy ground. Large holes gape in ceilings of small single-storey homes, some of them shacks, standing empty after families fled to nearby villages. Walls are riddled with bullet-holes.

At a small neighborhood clinic, plastic gloves and bloodied bandages remain scattered among the debris. "There is peace now but people are afraid," said Khadija Issa, a nurse at the clinic. "The fighting could start up again."

STRUGGLE FOR POWER

In an attempt to patch up the dispute, Prime Minister Abdurrahim El-Keib flew to Sabha to show the opposing sides that the new Libya had a place for all tribes and ethnic groups. However, hecklers accused him several times being slow to intervene to stop the clashes.

Restoring order in the south is important to the stability of the wider region. In the chaos since Gaddafi's fall, the south has become a smuggling route for weapons which are reaching al Qaeda militants deeper in the Sahara and Tuaregs who are staging a separatist rebellion in northern Mali.

It is also used for trafficking legal and contraband goods such as alcohol, cigarettes and drugs, and by African immigrants heading north in the hope of reaching Europe.

In February, a long-standing rivalry between the Tibu and the Arab Zwai tribes erupted into violence in Al Kufra over control of territory. In Sabha, the fighting began after a man was killed in a carjacking, residents said.

"This fighting is about a struggle for power," a government source said. "We need a solution for the south."

Libya had a unique system of government under Gaddafi. His Green Book of political ramblings served as a de facto constitution, while legal disputes were often settled in tribal talks rather than in court.

With Gaddafi gone, restoring order and enforcing a new political system is particularly daunting in dusty outposts such as Sabha or Al Kufra where central authority appears distant.

"If we had the power we could manage to solve the problem from the beginning," said Ayub Azarouq, who heads Sabha's local council. "Power means we should have a police, an army. As long as there is no official army, we can still be weak. We should have an official army to solve the problems."

Without a genuine army, Libya's National Transitional Council has struggled to persuade the many militias who fought Gaddafi across the country to join the armed forces and police, limiting its ability to intervene quickly in troublespots.

Initially the NTC relied on former rebel fighters from other cities to restore calm in Sabha. The government in Tripoli has since sent soldiers and named a military governor for the south. But while residents welcomed their arrival, tensions remain.

"It is the Tibu who are responsible for the violence here," one Sabha resident said, declining to be named for fear of being recognized. "They have a different mentality from us."

"ANOTHER REVOLUTION"

With its hands full keeping the peace in Sabha, the government faced a new crisis this week when fighting erupted around Zuwara, about 120 km west of Tripoli.

This violence has its roots in the rebellion. Zuwara's population of largely ethnic Berbers opposed Gaddafi last year while their Arab neighbors in settlements to the south remained loyal to the Libyan leader.

Government officials have denied the recent fighting has ethnic or tribal roots but say insecurity could delay Libya's first free elections to a national assembly in June.

Analysts say the fighting will not tear the country apart, but it underlines the insecurity. "There is very little the government is currently able to do to prevent further clashes from occurring, either in the same locales or in new ones," Geoff Porter of North Africa Consulting said.

"That said, the fighting does not pose an existential threat to the viability of the country. The fighting has not been motivated by explicit grievances with the state, it is not driven by secessionist tendencies, and it does not appear to be underpinned by political ideology.

"Were the fighting to evince any of these characteristics then it would be much more troubling and pose a greater risk to Libya's prospects as a coherent sovereign nation."

Disarming the thousands of rebel fighters across the country will be vital if the violence is to be controlled, but the huge amount of weapons in circulation means results will take time.

Sabha residents want faster action. Dozens of women took to the city's streets this week calling for a stronger army. The prime minister, an academic who lived abroad before his appointment in November, was not tough enough, they said.

"We respect El-Keib as a person but he is someone with a Western mentality. The Libyan society needs someone firm," 50-year-old teacher Khadija Taher said. "The government should adopt a better policy or else we will have another revolution."

(editing by David Stamp)

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Frustration shows as Woods goes nowhere at Masters

AUGUSTA, Ga. (AP) ? The golf swing still needs work. The club toss ? well, Tiger Woods has that one down.

Frustrated again in the third round of the Masters, Woods chunked his driver and took a big divot out of the 13th tee box after ripping one into the trees on the par-5 hole.

All part of a day in which he opened with two quick birdies, but gave both of them back, failed to take advantage of any of the par-5s and headed to the 17th tee box at 3-over par. He was still eight behind leaders Fred Couples and Jason Dufner, who were preparing for an afternoon tee time.

Woods' ball appeared to be tracking into the cup on a 25-foot birdie attempt on No. 15, but it took a peek and went 4 feet past. A putt that used to go in for him fairly regularly, but not on this day, and he dropped his putter to the ground and bent down in exasperation, arms hanging straight down.

He went 0 for 4 on the par-5s and is playing them at 1-under par through three rounds ? no way to win at Augusta National.

Woods' third round, played on a sunny, near-windless day, looked a lot like his second round. He also made two early birdies Friday, but ended up shooting 3-over 75, while tossing and kicking his club in frustration as he moved around the back nine.

He has come from this far back to contend before. Last year, he was seven down and briefly grabbed a share of the lead on Sunday before finishing fourth.

So far this week, though, he has the dreaded "two-way miss" going. He's spraying tee shots left and blocking approach shots to the right. Through his tee shot on the 15th hole, he had hit only 22 of 40 fairways for the tournament, ranking him second to last in the 63-player field.

With tee times for the leaders approaching, a few players were making up ground.

Justin Rose made three birdies and made the turn in 3-under 33 to get to 3 under for the tournament. Aaron Baddeley also made a birdie on No. 2 to get to 3 under.

Phil Mickelson opened his day with a par to stay at 2 under. Matt Kuchar, There was a group of six at 4 under, including Sergio Garcia, Lee Westwood and Rory McIlroy.

Then there were the leaders ? Dufner, the Auburn graduate, and Couples, the 52-year-old fan favorite trying to recreate some magic on this, the 20th anniversary of his Masters championship.

He put on quite a show Friday ? bringing his trademark West Coast-casual attitude along with a smooth swing that hasn't broken down much over the years. He made seven birdies in a round of 5-under 67.

"Can I win?" Couples said, repeating the question now on so many minds. "Yeah, I believe I can. Yes."

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Mali's parliamentary head returns from exile

Coup leader Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo, right, and Burkina Faso Foreign Minister Djibrill Bassole, left, sign documents as part of an accord agreeing that Sanogo will return the country to constitutional rule, in Sanogo's office at junta headquarters in Kati, outside Bamako, Mali Friday, April 6, 2012. Under intense pressure from the nations bordering Mali, the junior officer who seized control of the country in a coup last month signed an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule. The announcement was made late Friday, only hours after separatist rebels in the country's distant north declared their independence.(AP Photo/Harouna Traore)

Coup leader Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo, right, and Burkina Faso Foreign Minister Djibrill Bassole, left, sign documents as part of an accord agreeing that Sanogo will return the country to constitutional rule, in Sanogo's office at junta headquarters in Kati, outside Bamako, Mali Friday, April 6, 2012. Under intense pressure from the nations bordering Mali, the junior officer who seized control of the country in a coup last month signed an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule. The announcement was made late Friday, only hours after separatist rebels in the country's distant north declared their independence.(AP Photo/Harouna Traore)

Coup leader Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo, right, shakes hands with Burkina Faso Foreign Minister Djibrill Bassole, after signing an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule, in Sanogo's office at junta headquarters in Kati, outside Bamako, Mali Friday, April 6, 2012. Under intense pressure from the nations bordering Mali, Sanogo, the junior officer who seized control of the country in a coup last month signed an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule. The announcement was made late Friday, only hours after separatist rebels in the country's distant north declared their independence. (AP Photo/Harouna Traore)

Coup leader Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo, right, shakes hands with Burkina Faso Foreign Minister Djibrill Bassole, after signing an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule, in Sanogo's office at junta headquarters in Kati, outside Bamako, Mali Friday, April 6, 2012. Under intense pressure from the nations bordering Mali, Sanogo, the junior officer who seized control of the country in a coup last month signed an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule. The announcement was made late Friday, only hours after separatist rebels in the country's distant north declared their independence. (AP Photo/Harouna Traore)

Coup leader Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo address the press after signing an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule, at junta headquarters in Kati, outside Bamako, Mali Friday, April 6, 2012. Under intense pressure from the nations bordering Mali, Sanogo, the junior officer who seized control of the country in a coup last month signed an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule. The announcement was made late Friday, only hours after separatist rebels in the country's distant north declared their independence. (AP Photo/Harouna Traore)

Coup leader Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo stands at junta headquarters during an address to the press, in Kati, outside Bamako, Mali, Friday, April 6, 2012. Under intense pressure from the nations bordering Mali, Sanogo, the junior officer who seized control of the country in a coup last month signed an accord agreeing to return the country to constitutional rule. The announcement was made late Friday, only hours after separatist rebels in the country's distant north declared their independence. (AP Photo/Harouna Traore)

BAMAKO, Mali (AP) ? Mali's parliamentary head, who was forced into exile after last month's coup, returned Saturday to this nation in crisis, marking the first step in Mali's path back to constitutional rule.

The 70-year-old Dioncounda Traore was by chance in neighboring Burkina Faso on March 21 when disgruntled soldiers stormed the presidential palace in Mali's capital, ousting the nation's democratically elected leader and overturning two decades of democracy. While other ministers and associates of the toppled leader were immediately arrested, Traore remained free, though unable to return for fear of being detained.

Under intense pressure from the nations neighboring Mali, the junior officer who seized power 17 days ago agreed to return the nation to civilian rule, signing an accord late Friday in the presence of ministers from Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. The accord is a milestone for Africa, and especially for the troubled western corner of the continent, where coups or attempted coups are still a regular occurrence.

"I am leaving for Mali with my heart full of hope. My country has known enormous difficulties, but I am leaving with the hope the people of Mali will come together to face this adversity head on," Traore told reporters at the airport before leaving.

The accord signed by coup leader Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo calls for the immediate application of Article 36 of the Malian constitution, which says that in the event that the president of the republic is unable to carry out his functions, the head of the assembly becomes interim president for a transitional period until new elections are held.

If the transfer to civilian rule is successful, it will mark one of the only times when sanctions and international pressure succeeded in peacefully overturning a military power grab in the region.

By contrast in Guinea, it took a horrific massacre by the military junta and the attempted assassination of the coup leader for the country to right itself following the 2008 coup. And months of sanctions in Ivory Coast failed to dislodge the country's illegitimate leader last year, who only released his grip on power after U.N. airstrikes.

Sanogo signed the agreement inside the military barracks which has acted as the de facto seat of government ever since he and his men led a mutiny there. They broke down the doors of the armory and grabbed automatic weapons, using them to launch an attack on the presidential palace. In his two-week tenure at the head of country, Sanogo had time to put up a portrait of himself on the wall of his office. The framed picture is designed to have the look of a presidential portrait, and includes his name, next to the title: "Head of State."

It took only days for the sanctions to be felt after the Economic Community of West African States, or ECOWAS, decided on Monday to seal off landlocked Mali's borders.

The country imports all of its gasoline, and neighborhoods in the capital stopped having electricity for half the day. State television announced that the energy company was running at 50 percent capacity and would need to prioritize which sections of the city received power, with hospitals and military installations taking priority over residential areas.

At the Bamako airport after Traore's arrival on Saturday, Adama Bictogo, Ivory Coast's Minister of African Integration, read out a statement from the 15-nation regional bloc, stating that the sanctions had been lifted.

"Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo," said Bictogo, "has launched the process to put into effect Article 36 of the Constitution of Feb. 25, 1992, allowing thereby a return to constitutional order in Mali. As a result, the president of ECOWAS ... has decided to immediately lift all the sanctions against Mali."

Ever since the coup, Mali President Amadou Toumani Toure has been in hiding, and his whereabouts remain unknown. Article 36 of the constitution states that in the event of a vacancy of power, the head of the assembly becomes interim president for 21 to 40 days. However, the accord read out late Friday by Sanogo indicated that this timeframe will likely need to be extended.

Besides the coup, Mali is battling a rebellion in the north. The ethnic Tuareg rebels took advantage of the post-coup chaos to make military gains, seizing the capitals of the three northern provinces last week. On Friday, they declared independence, stating that the northern half of Mali ? an area larger than France ? was now a new country.

The military chiefs of Mali's neighbors met in Ivory Coast this week to prepare plans for a military intervention. Bictogo on Saturday stressed that the military operation would go ahead if the rebels do not back down.

"In what concerns the armed rebellion in the north of Mali," he said, "(we) demand the strict respect of Mali's territorial integrity. In this regard, the committee of the heads of state of ECOWAS which met on April 5, 2012 has taken all the necessary preparatory measures for a rapid deployment of troops by ECOWAS in order to stop any further evolution" of the conflict, he said.

___

Associated Press writers Baba Ahmed and Martin Vogl in Bamako, Mali, and Brahima Ouedraogo in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, contributed to this report.

Associated Press

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Cabinet Refinishing - Cabinet Refinishing Options: Cabinet ...

Over time, there are rooms in the home that can begin to look outdated and old simply because interior home decorating trends change over the years. One of the most common rooms that this happens in is the kitchen. Luckily, there are ways to take an old kitchen and breathe new life into it, making it more modern and updated. Appliances are easy to replace, but there are a couple of options when it comes to updating a kitchen cabinet set. Kitchen cabinets can be completely remodeled, requiring construction and a lot of time and money. However, there are also ways that kitchen cabinets can be updated in a less invasive way for less time and money, such as cabinet refinishing. These results are easier, faster, and cheaper to achieve, but they still provide a big impact.

Cabinet remodeling is ideal for anyone who is totally unsatisfied with the layout of their kitchens. Cabinetry can be a very essential part to the functioning of a kitchen, including where the cabinets are placed, how many cabinets are in a certain area, where the drawers are, and if they are big enough to hold everything in the kitchen. Sometimes the existing cabinets are just not functional to the needs of the person using them. In this case, a full cabinet remodel would be the best option. A full cabinet remodel gives you the freedom to redesign the cabinet system in the kitchen according to your needs and preferences. The existing cabinets will be totally removed from the kitchen and the custom-designed new cabinet system can be put in. This gives you ultimate freedom to decide how they would like the kitchen cabinets to function and look.

Of course, it can get to be a bit pricey for a total cabinet remodel, which is why cabinet refinishing is a great alternative, as long as you are satisfied with the layout and space of your existing cabinet setup. Refinishing allows you to keep the cabinets you have, but change their appearance to be more modern or to better match your evolving kitchen. Cabinet refacing is not as drastic a change as cabinet remodeling and is ideal for the person who is satisfied with the layout of their cabinets. Cabinet refacing does not change the layout or size of the existing cabinets; the doors and drawers are simply taken off of the existing cabinetry and new cabinet doors and drawers are replaced where the old ones once were.

Cabinet refinishing gives you the chance to give your kitchen a sort of "face lift," creating a new look without changing the function of the kitchen. Cabinet refacing is a great way to update the kitchen and give it a more modern look without doing any invasive construction in the kitchen. Plus, cabinet refacing costs much less than a full-blown cabinet renovation. It is a fast and easy conversion from old cabinets to the new, so if you're looking to update your kitchen, consider cabinet refinishing and refacing.

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